ABSTRACT
Shippers are business firms or persons that utilize carriers for the transportation of goods from origin to destination locations. The business firms or persons at the destination locations to whom the goods are delivered are the receivers (consignees) of these goods. Business shippers not only incur transportation costs in the carriage of their goods but also other costs that are related to this carriage – e.g., inventory, warehousing, order processing, production scheduling, materials handling, and packaging costs. The sum of these costs represents the business logistics costs incurred by the business firm in the carriage of its goods from origin to destination locations.
