ABSTRACT
Ports worldwide are facing environmental challenges while facilitating maritime trade. The negative environmental impacts of ports are increasing with their ever-increasing cargo volumes. Populated port communities, in particular, are placing greater pressure on ports to negate or lessen their environmental impacts. In some cases, ports are seeking to become green ports, e.g., the Port of Seattle. In other cases, ports are waiting the approval of environmental impact studies by environmental regulatory authorities in order to start capital projects. The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach in 2007, for example, were waiting for the approval of a number of environmental impact studies in order to start $4 billion worth of capital projects.
