ABSTRACT
The basic idea behind the four strands is that, in a wellbalanced language course, equal time is given to each of the four strands of meaning-focused input, meaning-focused output, language-focused learning, and fluency development. Meaning-focused output involves the learners producing language through speaking and writing where the learners' focus is on others understanding the message. Language-focused learning involves deliberate attention to language features both in the context of meaning-focused input and meaning focused output, and in decontextualised learning and teaching. Learning to read is also helped by learning to write and learning through listening. There are numerous factors that affect the difficulty of learning to read in another language. In writing as in reading, first language teachers emphasise the communication of messages and expect the learners gradually to approximate normal writing over a period of time. In a reading and writing programme, extensive reading is likely to be the major source of meaning-focused input.
