ABSTRACT
The evidence presented in chapter 3 established that psychotherapy is a remarkably beneficial activity. Proponents of a particular treatment who believe that the specific ingredients of that treatment are necessary to produce client change attribute the success of the treatment primarily to its specific ingredients. In chapter 4, the evidence presented indicated that all bona fide therapies are uniformly efficacious, suggesting that specific ingredients are not critical to the outcomes of the treatments. Nevertheless, uniform efficacy of psychological treatments provides indirect evidence about specific ingredients; in this chapter evidence from research designed to examine directly the effects of specific ingredients is discussed.
