ABSTRACT
The totalitarian military model carried over from the Iran-Iraq War and perpetuated itself through the 1991 Gulf War. Despite the reforms that gave greater freedoms to the Iraqi generals to conduct a more aggressive strategy during the last years of the Iran-Iraq War with minimal political interference, such changes had been rolled back during the 1991 and 2003 wars. The dominance of the Party, the numerous parallel militaries and the constant surveillance of multiple competing intelligence agencies that bore all the hallmarks of a totalitarian-penetration military were present during the Gulf Crisis and the 2003 Iraq War as they were prevalent during most of the Iran-Iraq War.
