ABSTRACT
Eleven years later, President George W. Bush’s National Security Strategy, in a more subdued mood, brought the hope of enduring peace to an abrupt end:
New deadly challenges have emerged from rogue states and terrorists. The nature and motivations of these new adversaries . . . make today’s security environment more complex and dangerous [than during the cold war] . . . We will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self-defence by acting preemptively.2
