ABSTRACT
Paradoxically, it was outside India that the orthodox and activist thrusts of Ahmad Sirhindi’s teaching came into fuller play. Mujaddidi missionary efforts began with Sirhindi’s son, Muhammad Ma‘sum, in the midseventeenth century. They were directed at both the Ottoman Empire, now with its Arab provinces, and the Central Asian Khanates, at the original lands of the Naqshbandiyya. In both regions the Mujaddidis had to compete not only with masters of other brotherhoods, but at times also with those affiliated to the original Naqshbandiyya, who in addition often vied among themselves. At other times a relationship of cooperation was established between existing branches of the Naqshbandiyya and newcomers from the Mujaddidi offshoot.
