ABSTRACT
Representation is a concept that has given rise to more disputes at the level of practical politics than at the level of political theory or philosophy. This is not to say that there are no difficulties at the philosophical level because, as I shall argue later, there are four logically distinct types of representation that are not always distinguished. But this kind of difficulty can be resolved, whereas the practical disagreements are mostly incapable of final resolution because they hinge upon normative differences about how political life ought to be conducted.
