ABSTRACT
Beginning in the 1970s and quickening in the 1980s, the ideology of managerialism began to infuse European public administration. In America, where management and managers had been respected for generations, an invigorated emphasis on public management was pervading public affairs education and practice. There ensued an era of public management reforms so international in scope that the term New Public Management (NPM), coined for that subset of neo-liberal policies initiated by Westminster governments, came to describe public management reforms of every kind, everywhere, including civil service, budget, and territorial reforms that had long histories under other names.1 Almost any deliberate effort at organizational change and development began to be counted as NPM.
