ABSTRACT
Japan and Antarctica: Exploration, Whaling, and Territorial Interest . . . . . . 127
From Yalta Blueprint to San Francisco System: the Cold War and Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Antarctica in the Yalta Blueprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Antarctica in the San Francisco System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The “Unresolved Problem”: Disposition of Antarctica in the Peace Treaty . . 128 Early US Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
T-Documents, CAC-Documents, SCAPIN 677, SWNCC Documents Early US Drafts of the Peace Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Reopened Peace Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Dulles and Peace Treaty Drafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 British Drafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Australia and New Zealand on Disposition of the Antarctic . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Strategic Concerns: “Japan a Threat”?, From Pacific Pact to ANZUS, Territorial Interests and Whaling, Preference to US Drafts
US-UK Joint Drafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 May 1951 Draft, June 1951 Draft
After San Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Chapter 2 (e) of the San Francisco Peace Treaty prescribes Japan’s renunciation of its claim to Antarctica, the least controversial of the territories disposed in the Treaty. Fifth largest of the Earth’s seven continents, Antarctica is the southernmost, coldest, windiest, and most recently discovered continent. With an area of 14 million sq. km. (5.4 million sq. miles), Antarctica is larger than Europe or Australia. Mostly covered by an ice-sheet, and with its forbidding climate, Antarctica has no permanent human population, no vegetation other than lichens, moss, and algae, and no land animals except for a few mites and insects. However, the surrounding seas abound in whales, seals, and fish, and on the mainland and sub-Antarctic islands are large numbers of penguins, skuas, petrels, and albatrosses.2
