Treaties And Alliances

1466

Second Peace of Thorn (Torún) ended the Thirteen Years' War (see p. 104). Much of Prussia was acquired by Poland. The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order was forced to accept nominal Polish overlordship.

1479

Treaty of Alçacovas (September) confirmed the Portuguese monopoly over the Guinea trade. Portuguese possession of Madeira, the Azores and Cape Verde was also confirmed. Only the Canaries remained with Castile.

1488

Swabian League founded in Germany (at Esslingen). It consisted not only of the Emperor Frederick III and 22 Imperial Cities but also of the Swabian knights' League of St George's Shield, and the bishops and princes of Tyrol, Württemberg, the Palatinate, Mainz, Trier, Baden, Hesse, Bavaria, Ansbach and Bayreuth. The League was governed by a federal council of three colleges of princes, cities and knights, calling upon an army of 13,000 men. The League was renewed in 1512, but was disbanded in 1534.

1489

Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which England and Aragon agreed to the marriage of Prince Arthur and the Infanta Catherine.

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas. The pact between Spain and Portugal which established a line of demarcation running through the Atlantic. Lands west of the line were reserved for Spain, those east of the line for Portugal. This treaty modified an earlier award (of 1493) by Pope Alexander VI which would have denied Portugal any lands in the western hemisphere. Under the Treaty of Tordesillas, Brazil was reserved for Portugal.

1495

League of Venice was an important alliance against France joined by the Emperor, Spain, Milan, Venice and Pope Alexander VI.

1496

Magnus Intercursus. The popular name for the commercial treaty between England and the Netherlands.

1499

Treaty of Basle ended the Grisons War between the Swiss and Emperor Maximilian and confirmed the independence of the Swiss Confederation from Imperial authority.

1504

Treaty of Blois ended the war between France and Spain. Claude (the daughter of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany) was betrothed to Archduke Charles (the grandson of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy and of the dual monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella), with a promise to cede Brittany and Burgundy should Louis XII die without a son.

1508

League of Cambrai was an alliance of major powers in Italy against Venice.

1511

The Holy League was an alliance formed by Pope Julius II for the expulsion of the French from Italy.

1512

Alliance of Scotland and France, and of Maximilian I with Pope Julius II.

Renewal of the Swabian League.

1514

Alliance of Henry VIII of England with Louis XII of France to establish peace and to arrange the marriage of Princess Mary.

1516

Concordat of Bologna between Francis I of France and Papacy (August). The convention replaced the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which had been adopted at the Assembly of Bourges in 1438 but which had never been recognised by the Pope. The annates (see p. 263) were re-established and the French king was given the right of nominating bishops.

Treaty of Freiburg between France and the Swiss Cantons (also known as the ‘Treaty of Perpetual Peace').

1520

Meeting of Henry VIII and Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.

1521

Alliance of Bruges between Henry VIII, Charles V and Pope Leo X for the expulsion of the French from Italy and for the suppression of heresy.

1522

Alliance of Windsor between Henry VIII and Charles V.

1524

Catholic Alliance of Regensburg (Ratisbon) (June) between Archduke Ferdinand, the Duke of Bavaria and various southern German ecclesiastical princes.

1525

Catholic League of Dessau (July) included Duke George of Saxony, Elector of Brandenburg and the Archbishop of Mainz.

1526

Treaty of Madrid (14 January) between Charles V and Francis I, by which Francis was released from captivity in return for the cession of Burgundy.

League of Cognac and the Protestant Alliance of Torgau. The League of Cognac comprised France, Florence, Venice and Milan. The Alliance of Torgau comprised the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Prince of Mecklenburg, the Prince of Anhalt and the Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

1529

Formation of Protestant League of Speyer which included the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse and the Count of Brandenburg-Ansbach.

1529

Treaty of Cambrai, by which Francis I renounced all claims to Italy, and all claims over Flanders and Artois. Charles V's right to succession to Gelderland was also recognised and Francis gave up Tournai.

1530

First Conference of Bologna between Charles V and Pope Clement VII.

1530–31

Schmalkalden League marked the emergence of a Protestant League whose early adherents were the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Counts of Anhalt and Mansfeld and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

1536

Alliance of France with the Ottoman Turks. With the Turks threatening many outposts of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, the alliance scandalised Christian Europe.

1538

Truce of Nice between Charles V and Francis I.

1544

Treaty of Crépy (September) between France and the Holy Roman Empire, by which all conquests since the Truce of Nice were to be given up. Francis gave up all claims to Naples, Flanders, Artois, Gelderland and Zutphen. Charles V promised his daughter Mary, or his niece, the second daughter of Ferdinand, as wife of the Duke of Orléans, the dowry to be the Netherlands and Franche-Comté or Milan. Charles gave up all claim to Burgundy and the Somme towns.

1546

Peace of Ardres (June) between England and France, by which Boulogne was restored (after eight years) to France.

1547

Imperial League. The Catholic alliance of King Ferdinand, the Emperor, the Duke of Bavaria and Moritz of Saxony.

League of Princes was formed to oppose Charles V.

1552

League of Saxony was the grouping of the princes led by the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse, in collaboration with King Henry II of France, against Charles V.

1555

The religious Peace of Augsburg recognised both Catholicism and Lutheranism as legitimate religions in the Holy Roman Empire. The peace also established the principle of cuius regio, eius religio (see p. 269).

1559

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (3 April). Among the provisions of this major settlement were: (1) the restoration of Savoy and Piedmont to Emmanuel Philibert with the exception of five places; (2) the mutual cession of French and Spanish conquests from each other; (3) the French retention of Calais for eight more years; and (4) the French retention of Saluzzo.

1562

Treaty of Richmond (September) between Elizabeth of England and Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, for English assistance in the defence of Rouen and the occupation of Dieppe and Le Havre.

1563

Pacification of Amboise. The first Edict of Pacification in the French Wars of Religion. (For this and other edicts, see also pp. 151–4.)

1564

League of Landsberg. A Catholic alliance of the Duke of Bavaria and various bishops.

1570

Edict of St Germain. A seminal edict in the French Wars of Religion, it aimed at restoring peace (see p. 152).

1571

Holy League between the Papacy, Spain and Venice against the Turks.

1576

Peace of Monsieur. The most liberal edict of the French Wars of Religion, it allowed Protestants to practise their faith freely except in the vicinity of Paris (see p. 153).

1577

Peace of Bergerac (17 September) modified the Peace of Monsieur (see above and p. 153).

1579

Union of Utrecht. The union of the seven provinces of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen and Overijssel which laid the foundation of the United Provinces.

1585

Treaty of Nemours (7 July) rescinded all earlier edicts of pacification in the French Wars of Religion and banned the exercise of the Protestant faith.

1585

Treaty of Nonsuch (10 August) provided English aid to the United Provinces of the Netherlands. It was supplemented on 12 August 1585 and renewed on 16 August 1598.

1588

Edict of Union. Henry III of France agrees to the demands of Guise for upholding Catholicism in France.

1598

Edict of Nantes (April). The most famous edict of the French Wars of Religion, it gave the Huguenots liberty of conscience and certain concessions (see p. 154).

1598

Peace of Vervins (May) ended the French war with Spain. Spain restored all conquered territories except Cambrai.

1601

Treaty of Lyons between France and Savoy, by which France acquired Bresse and Bugey, Valromey and Gex.

1608

Foundation of the Protestant Evangelical Union (May). The union was agreed at Anhausen (near Nördlingen) and joined by the Elector Palatine, the Count of Neuberg, the Duke of Württemberg and the rulers of Ansbach, Kulmbach and Baden-Durlach.

1609

Formation of the Catholic League (July) followed the 1608 Evangelical Union. The Catholic League consisted of the Archduke Leopold and the Catholic Bishops of Würzburg, Augsburg, Ratisbon (Regensburg) and Konstanz (with many later signatories, including the Bishops of Worms, Cologne and Mainz).

1610

Alliance of Brosolo by which France and Savoy united against Milan.

1613

Treaty of Knärod ended the Swedish–Danish War. Sweden gained Kalmar. Elfsborg was retained by Denmark for six years (until redemption money was paid).

1617

Peace of Stolbova (February) between Sweden and Russia. Territorial gains by Sweden included Ingria and Karelia, including the key fortresses controlling Livonia and Finland.

1622

Treaty of Montpellier between the Huguenots and French crown, by which the Huguenots were compelled to accept the prohibition of all political meetings. Two ‘safe towns' were left to the Huguenots – La Rochelle and Montauban. It confirmed the Edict of Nantes.

1631

Treaty of Cherasco, by which the French and Imperialist armies withdrew from Italy.

1633

League (Union) of Heilbronn. The alliance of Sweden and the German Protestants in the war against the Holy Roman Empire (it was signed at Heilbronn).

1635

Peace of Prague. The treaty between Emperor Ferdinand II and the Elector of Saxony, by which Saxony acquired Lusatia. It also recognised Lutheranism as the only privileged religion.

1648

Treaty of Westphalia (October) was signed at Münster and Osnabrück between the Empire, France and Sweden. It incorporated the earlier peace (of January 1648) between Spain and the United Provinces. The main settlement of the Thirty Years' War, it provided for the recognition of the independence of the United Provinces and the Swiss Cantons, territorial gains at the expense of the Emperor in Germany by France, Sweden, Saxony and Brandenburg, and recognition of Lutherans and Calvinists. For many Princes and Imperial cities it meant effective independence. Thus Germany was left as a patchwork of absolute monarchies in which the Catholic counter-reformation had failed to eradicate Protestantism. Among the victors, France gained the Austrian possessions of Upper and Lower Alsace, the Sundgau and Breisach, with Metz, Toul and Verdun, as well as prefecture over ten Imperial Cities in Alsace. Sweden got Western Pomerania and several towns and islands. Brandenburg also made certain territorial acquisitions. Bavaria retained the electoral dignity, while a new electorate was created for the Elector Palatine.

1649

Treaty of Rueil ended the first Fronde in France (see pp. 116–17).

1651

Formation of the Catholic League and the Protestant League to implement the Peace of Westphalia. Formed at Frankfurt, the Catholic League encompassed the three ecclesiastical electors, the Count Palatine, and the Bishop of Münster. It was joined later by the Circles of Swabia, Franconia and Lower Saxony. The Protestant League comprised Christina of Sweden, the Landgravine of Hesse, and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

1652

Alliance of Hildesheim, formed by Sweden and the North German Protestants.

1654

Treaty of Westminster (5 April) by which the Dutch paid compensation for the Amboyna Massacre of 1623 and agreed to make annual payment to fish in English waters and to respect the Navigation Act and the English right of salute. The treaty ended the first Anglo-Dutch War.

1658

Formation of the League of the Rhine under French protection (2 August). Its members included the three ecclesiastical Electors together with Münster, Neuburg, Brunswick, Hesse-Cassel, Sweden, Bavaria and the King of France.

1659

Peace of the Pyrenees (November) between France and Spain was signed on the island of Bidassoa (near the Pyrenees). France gained Artois and a number of fortresses in Flanders, Hainault and Luxembourg, and most of Roussillon and Cerdagne. A marriage was arranged between Louis XIV and the Infanta of Spain, Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. Spain resigned claims to Alsace and Prince de Condé was restored to his Governorship of Burgundy.

1660

Treaty of Oliva between Brandenburg, Poland, Austria and Sweden which ended the First Northern War. John Casimir of Poland abandoned claims to the Swedish throne and Sweden acquired Livonia.

1667

Treaty of Andruszov (January) concluded the Thirteen Years' War between Russia and Poland (see p. 118). Under its terms, Poland gave up Kiev, Smolensk, Chernigov and some territory beyond the Dnieper.

Treaty of Breda between England and the United Provinces made certain commercial concessions to the Dutch. Acadia was surrendered to the French and Surinam to the Dutch, who accepted, however, English possession of the North American colonies.

1668

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (May) between Louis XIV of France and Spain.

1670

Treaty of Dover A secret treaty of 22 May 1670 between Charles II and Louis XIV of France. In return for French subsidies, Charles agreed to assist the French in their war against the Dutch. He also undertook to declare himself a Roman Catholic.

1674

Triple Alliance was an anti-French alliance concluded between the Emperor, Spain and the United Provinces but subsequently joined by the Pope and the Elector of Brandenburg.

1678/79

Treaty of Nijmegen comprised two settlements: the first (a) between France and the United Provinces in August; and the second (b) between France and Spain in September.

France returned Maastricht and its dependencies to the United Provinces and Messina back to Spain. The Dutch received favourable commercial advantages and Colbert's hostile tariff was given up. William of Orange recovered Orange and his estates in the Spanish Netherlands, France, Franche-Comté and the Charolais.

France restored Charleroi, Binch, Ath, Oudenarde, Courtrai, Limburg and its Duchy, Ghent, Rodenhus, Leuze, St Ghislain and Puycerda in Catalonia to Spain but retained the strongholds of Valenciennes, Condé, Bouchain, Maubeuge, Cambrai, Saint Omer, Aire, Ypres, Warneton, Cassel and Franche-Comté.

In a separate treaty with the Empire, France restored Philippsburg, but retained Freiburg (with passage across the Rhine at Breisach) and agreed to the restoration of the Duke of Lorraine under the conditions of 1659. He refused to accept these terms.

1684

Holy League of Linz was an alliance of the Empire, Poland and Venice against the Ottomans.

1686

League of Augsburg was an agreement uniting the Emperor, Sweden, Saxony, the Palatinate and Brandenburg against France.

1689

First Grand Alliance was the anti-French alliance formed between the Emperor Leopold I, Holland, England and Bavaria, and was joined later by Spain, Savoy and Saxony.

1697

Treaty of Ryswick (Ryswijk), signed in a village in the province of South Holland, ended the War of the Grand Alliance. Under its terms, the Dutch Barrier was set up and Louis XIV recognised William III as King of England. France also agreed to return Luxembourg to Spain and key fortresses on the right bank of the Rhine, including Philippsburg and Breisach, to the Empire. Outside Europe, the Dutch restored Pondicherry to the French, and England and France mutually restored conquests in America.

1698

The First Partition Treaty, signed by England, France and the Dutch Republic. Its main provisions were as follows: the Electoral Prince of Bavaria was to have Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish possessions in the New World; the Dauphin was to have the Two Sicilies and the Tuscan ports of Porto Ercole, Porto San Stephano, Orbitello, Piombino, Finale and Guipuzcoa; the Archduke Charles was to have Milan.

1699

Treaty of Carlowitz ended the war of Austria, Russia, Poland and Venice against the Ottoman Turks. Under its terms, Austria obtained Hungary, except the Banat of Temesvár, Transylvania and the greater part of Slavonia and Croatia. Russia kept Azov. Poland recovered the territories in Podolia, lost to Mohammed IV. Venice restored all conquests north of the Isthmus of Corinth, but retained the Morea.

1700

Second Partition Treaty, ratified in March 1700, included the following main provisions: the Archduke Charles was to have Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish possessions in South America; the Dauphin was to receive the Two Sicilies, the Tuscan ports of Guipuzcoa and Finale, and the Milanese, which would be exchanged for Lorraine.

1701

Second Grand Alliance was signed at The Hague by England, the Dutch Republic and the Emperor. Its two main strands were a call for the partition of the Spanish Empire and for the Dutch Barrier to be restored.

1703

Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (or Methuen Treaty) (May), by which Portugal joined the Grand Alliance. Savoy also joined the Grand Alliance in November 1703.

1707

Union of England and Scotland (May) created Great Britain. The ‘Perpetual Alliance' (August) was signed between Prussia and Sweden.

1711

Treaty of the Pruth (July) between Russia and Ottoman Empire, by which Peter the Great gave back Azov to the Turks, destroyed all Russian fortresses in Turkish territory and agreed that Charles XII of Sweden should be permitted to return. The treaty is sometimes referred to as the Treaty of Falczi.

1713

The Treaty of Utrecht was a major settlement concluded through several separate treaties between France on one side and Great Britain, Holland, Prussia, Savoy and Portugal on the other, and acceded to by Spain. With the subsequent treaties of Rastatt and Baden, it ended the War of the Spanish Succession. Among its clauses with Britain, Holland and Prussia were:

France lost Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson's Bay to England;

France promised to dismantle Dunkirk;

France retained Cape Breton and her share in the fisheries off the coast;

France recognised the Protestant succession in England;

A barrier was established between France and the United Provinces;

The Spanish Netherlands was given to Austria;

France regained Lille, Aire, Bethune, Saint Venant;

France recognised the royal title of the King of Prussia and his rights over Neufchâtel;

France established its claims to Orange;

France handed Upper Gelderland to Prussia.

Among other parts of the settlement, Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain and granted the asiento (see p. 263).

1714

Peace of Rastatt (March) between France and the Empire was supplemented by the Treaty of Baden (see below). France confirmed the Austrian possessions in Italy (Naples, part of Milan, Mantua and Sardinia). It secured the restoration of the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne to their territories and rights. The Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus, became King of Sicily. Strasbourg was retained by France.

Treaty of Baden between France and the Empire supplemented the Peace of Rastatt. The treaty confirmed French possession of Alsace and Strasbourg.

1716

Treaty of Westminster between Britain and the Empire by which Britain undertook to guarantee the Emperor's possessions (excluding his claim to Spain) and the Emperor guaranteed the Hanoverian succession.

1717

Triple Alliance (January) between Britain, France and the Netherlands was signed at The Hague and opposed Philip V's ambitions in France and Italy. This became the Quadruple Alliance after the accession of Austria on 2 August 1718.

Treaty of Amsterdam (August) between France, Russia and Prussia, by which Russia and Prussia guaranteed the Utrecht settlement and France promised mediation to seek an end to the Northern War.

1718

Treaty of Passarowitz (July) between Austria and the Ottoman Empire had the following provisions: Austria gained Belgrade, a strip of Serbia and the Banat of Temesvár; the Turks kept the Morea and engaged to give no help to Francis II Rákóczy; and Venice was confirmed in its possession of Corfu, Santa Maura and its conquests in Albania and Dalmatia. The treaty lasted for 25 years.

1720

Treaty of the Hague (17 February) ended the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The succession to Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza was confirmed for Charles, eldest son of Philip of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese. Philip renounced his claims in France and Italy. Sardinia was given to Victor Amadeus of Savoy. In exchange, Sicily was made over to Austria.

1721

Treaty of Nystad between Russia and Sweden, by which Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and parts of Karelia were acquired by Russia. Sweden retained most of Finland.

1725

First Treaty of Vienna (April) was signed between Spain and the Emperor. Under its terms, the Emperor confirmed the succession to Parma and Tuscany of Philip V's two sons, Spain guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction and trading rights were conferred on the Ostend Company.

1725

Treaty of Hanover (3 September) created a defensive league between Britain, France and Prussia to counterbalance the alliance between Austria and Spain signed earlier in the year. The integrity of the three powers and the Prussian claim on Jülich were recognised.

1727

Treaty of Paris (31 May) between Austria and Britain, France and Prussia ended a brief conflict. A peace treaty with Spain was signed at the Pardo on 6 March 1728.

1729

Treaty of Seville (November) was a treaty of peace and friendship between Britain, France and Spain. Holland joined later. The treaty guaranteed the succession of Don Carlos to the Italian duchies. Spain, for its part, withdrew the privileges granted to the Ostend Company. A Franco-Spanish alliance replaced the Austro-Spanish alliance.

1731

Second Treaty of Vienna (22 July) was signed between Britain, Spain, the Netherlands and Austria. Britain and the Netherlands guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction in return for which the Emperor suspended the Ostend East India Company.

1733

By the Treaty of Turin (September) France pledged itself to support the struggle of the Duke of Savoy to secure the Milanese from the Emperor.

1733

First Bourbon Family Compact (the Treaty of the Escorial) was signed in November by the two Bourbon powers, France and Spain. They mutually guaranteed each other's European and imperial possessions and joined forces in removing the power of the Emperor in Italy.

1735

Preliminary Peace of Vienna (October) ended the War of the Polish Succession. Its provisions were finally confirmed in the definitive Treaty of Vienna in November 1738.

1738

Third Treaty of Vienna. Following up the 1735 Peace Preliminaries, the treaty formally ended the War of the Polish Succession. Don Carlos became King of the Two Sicilies, the Duke of Savoy secured part of the Milanese and the Emperor received Parma and Piacenza. The former Duke of Lorraine was to inherit Tuscany after the death of the last Medici Grand Duke and Augustus III was confirmed as King of Poland. Stainslaw, who had renounced the crown of Poland but not the title in January 1736, received Lorraine and Bar, but both would revert to France on his death. Austria also gained French recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction.

1739

Treaty of Belgrade. Russia, Austria and the Ottoman Empire agreed peace through the clever mediation of Villeneuve and the French. Russia evacuated the Romanian principalities, the close connection of Austria and Russia was checked, both Russia and Austria sought a French alliance, and French influence was restored in Constantinople.

1741

In the First Treaty of Breslau (June) France agreed to support the seizure of Silesia by Prussia. In October 1741, under the Treaty of Kleinschellendorf between Prussia and Austria, Prussia temporarily withdrew from the First Silesian War.

1742

Second Treaty of Breslau brought the First Silesian War between Prussia and Austria to a close. Prussia received Upper and Lower Silesia as well as the county of Glatz from Maria Theresa.

1743

In the Second Bourbon Family Compact (Treaty of Fontainebleau) France committed itself to support Spain's territorial ambitions in the Italian peninsula. Meanwhile, under the secret articles of the Treaty of Worms, Maria Theresa, Britain and Sardinia plotted the expulsion of the Bourbons from Italy.

1743

Treaty of Åbo ended the Russo-Swedish War. Russia acquired southern Finland up to the River Kiümen.

1744

Formation of Union of Frankfurt. Frederick the Great aimed to prevent Bavaria from being absorbed by Austria. He was joined by the Emperor, the Elector Palatine and Hesse-Cassel. The Union agreed:

The constitution of the Empire was to be restored;

Maria Theresa was to give up Bavaria;

Maria Theresa was to arrange a final peace.

1745

Quadruple Alliance against Prussia was signed at Warsaw by Austria, Britain, the Netherlands and Saxony on 8 January.

Convention of Hanover between Britain and Prussia was signed on 26 August.

Peace of Füssen was signed by Austria and Bavaria. The latter renounced its claim to the Empire.

By the Peace of Dresden Austria confirmed Prussia in the possession of Silesia and Frederick recognised Maria Theresa's husband, Francis I, as Emperor. The treaty was signed by Prussia, Austria and Saxony in December.

1746

Treaty of St Petersburg was a defensive alliance of Austria and Russia against Prussia. It was also known as the ‘Two Empresses' Treaty'.

1748

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ending the War of the Austrian Succession, was signed on 18 October by Britain, France and the Netherlands (and was subsequently accepted by Spain, Austria, Genoa and Sardinia by December). The succession of Maria Theresa was recognised, but Silesia was ceded to Prussia. Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla were ceded to Don Philip of Spain. France evacuated the Austrian Netherlands and restored the barrier fortresses to the Dutch. The succession of the House of Hanover in its German states and Great Britain was confirmed.

1752

Treaty of Aranjuez (14 June) between Austria, Sardinia and Spain guaranteed each other's Italian possessions.

1756

First Treaty of Versailles (May) represented a highly important reversal of French policy. France entered into a defensive alliance with Austria. Russia joined in December.

1757

Second Treaty of Versailles (May) was an offensive alliance between France and Austria which aimed at the partition of Prussia.

1761

Third Bourbon Family Compact between the Bourbon powers of France and Spain guaranteed one another support in the widening colonial struggle against Britain.

1763

Treaty of Paris (10 February) between France, Spain and Britain ended the Seven Years' War. France ceded Canada, Cape Breton Island, Grenada and Senegal to Britain and also gave up Minorca in exchange for Belleisle. The Mississippi was recognised as the frontier between Louisiana and the British colonies. Britain restored Gorée in Africa, and all conquests in India, to France. Spain ceded Florida to Britain, but received back all conquests in Cuba. In Europe, France and Britain were to retire from the war in Germany with France evacuating Hanover, Hesse and Prussia. In the same year, under the Peace of Hubertusburg, Silesia was finally ceded to Prussia by Austria.