ABSTRACT
A number of recent comparative studies suggest the existence of some common tendencies in national welfare state reforms (see e.g. George and Taylor-Gooby 1996; Ploug and Kvist 1996; Clasen 1997; Daly 1997; Ferge 1997). To differing degrees, access to universal protection schemes has become limited and solidarity ties in social insurance systems (between good and bad risks and higher and lower income groups) have been shortened. Apart from a few exceptions (such as the introduction of long-term care insurance in Germany), the role of meanstesting has become more important, more stringent definitions of what constitutes unemployment and disability have been implemented, and measures have been introduced that reduce the level and duration of benefits. In short, it appears that collectively organised income protection systems are becoming less universal and more selective, with the effect that those confronted with a social risk and/or dependent on cash support are having to fulfil stricter qualifying conditions.
