ABSTRACT
A universal constraint on the use of transformations suggested by N.Chomsky in the aspects model. If a transformation refers to a node of category ‘A,’ and ‘A’ dominates a node of the same category ‘A,’ then the transformation can only operate on the dominating node. In particular, this constraint applies to transformations which move or delete noun phrases embedded in the noun phrase: for example, in the noun phrase the boy walking to the railway station, the embedded NP the boy cannot undergo a transformation alone and be taken out of the noun phrase. Criticism of this principle in later developments of transformational grammar can be found in Ross (1967). ( trace theory)
References
Ross, J.R. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Dissertation, Cambridge, MA. constraints
The tip of the tongue, primary articulator of apical sounds. ( also articulatory phonetics)
In neurolinguistics, cover term referring to a number of acquired language disorders due to cerebral lesions (caused by vascular problems, a tumor, or an accident, etc.). In this condition, comprehension and production in the oral and written modalities may be
syndromes. Aphasias often cooccur with articulatory disorders such as verbal apraxia or dysarthria. Excluded from aphasia are language impairments due to sensory deficits (e.g. hearing problems), dementia, or psychological-emotional problems. The classifications of aphasias and their symptoms associated with these syndromes are under debate. The traditional notions and classifications are based on the location of the lesion and the criteria of ‘receptive vs expressive’ disorder and ‘fluent vs non-fluent’ speech. The following distinctions have been drawn: (a) motor or Broca’s aphasia (also expressive or non-fluent aphasia); (b) sensory or Wernicke’s aphasia (also receptive or fluent aphasia); (c) global aphasia with the most severe impairments in all modalities; (d) anomia or amnesia (also nominal aphasia) characterized by difficulties in finding words, semantic paraphasia, and occasional minor problems in syntax and comprehension; (e) conduction aphasia with phonemic paraphasia and the inability to repeat what was just said; and (f) transcortical aphasia with possible impairments in the sensory or motor areas associated with no difficulties in the ability to repeat what was just said. For an overview see Benson (1979).
