ABSTRACT

In general, vowels are voiced ( voiced vs voiceless), or uttered in a murmuring or creaky voice. In English, all vowels are voiced. Murmured vowels are found in Gujarati ( Indo-Aryan): ‘twelve’ vs ‘outside,’ while vowels pronounced in a creaky voice are found in Lango (of Nigeria): [le:] ‘animal’ vs ‘ax.’ Voiceless vowels are found in some languages as free or combinatory variants, e.g. in Japanese

‘Hokusai’ and French rue ‘street’ (with [y] as an optional vowel in final position).