ABSTRACT
Evolutional theory leads us to expect that we will find causally relevant disanalogies between species. That expectation is substantiated by empirical findings in fields as diverse as toxicology, teratology, endocrinology, virology, and stroke research. Taken collectively, researchers' findings provide evidence that condition (3) is frequently not satisfied in much animal research. Consequently, the empirical evidence and evolutionary theory show us that animal models of human disease are not, in fact, strong causal analogical models.
