We recall an old argument in which Pasche and Renard1 raised objections, of the most radical kind, to the thought of Melanie Klein. By situating the process of projection at the origin, they said, Klein took up definitively an idealist position. Everything came from the interior; objects, whether good or bad, only emerged, like rabbits or doves, from the magic box of tricks. Their objection is well-founded, but the reason for this was perhaps not clearly seen: a conception of the unconscious as primal, endogenous and ultimately biological, permits no other type of thought in psychoanalysis. We should not forget, too, that the reduction of the unconscious to a biologism of the drive, before it was taken to extremes by Klein (who goes as far as leaving out repression), was first of all Freud’s doing.