ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses how intelligent cities function as environments of innovation; how they create cyber-physical systems of innovation and smart ecosystems that solve problems through connectivity and collaborative intelligence. It deals with a review of the literature of publications to be found on Google Scholar over the period 2001–2018. The chapter looks into the structure of smart cities and how layers and components are combined to produce different architectures of city smartness. It also discusses the formation processes of smart cities and how a bottom-up development of digital applications converges with top-down planning, strategy development, and governance. The chapter explores how cities can profit from capabilities offered locally and globally through data and digital technology, relying more on learning than large-scale and expensive technological infrastructure that only a few cities – usually the most affluent – can afford.
