ABSTRACT
A common definition of goals in formal organizations is that they are concepts or definitions of something one wants to achieve or to realize in the future. Organizations are collectively oriented towards achieving goals, and this is especially true for public organizations. Goal achievement requires specialized, as well as coordinated, activities. Values are often associated with a cultural perspective on organizations or institutions. They represent informal norms and considerations that have grown gradually over time and that provide the foundation for the development of historical institutional characteristics or traditions in organizations. Values are normative guidelines for appropriate attitudes and actions. A distinction can be made between extrinsic motivation, which refers to the effects of incentive systems and personal remunerations, and intrinsic motivation, which stems from the socialization of organizational members and which can stimulate altruistic motivated efforts to achieve societal collective goals.
