ABSTRACT
The victory over Ibrahim pasha produced exactly opposite effects on Turkey and on Europe. The Gulhane reforms had induced Europe to intervene and had thus overthrown Mehemet Ali. ‘The preservation of the authority of the Sultan, and of the actual state of possession in the East, is considered by the Allied Powers as essential to the permanence of general tranquillity in Europe. While Reschid Mustapha pasha had been forging petitions and hobnobbing with dervishes in Syria, Europe had at last intervened at Constantinople. The Porte surrendered to Europe just after ‘the Mountain’ had already burst into revolt. Disturbances or revolts of the period were due to the ambition of feudal chiefs or to the duplicity of the Turks. Bosnia was goaded into revolt by inconceivable misgovernment; Lebanon was driven into civil war by Machiavellian intrigue. Bosnia showed the Turks at their worst, ‘the Mountain’ revealed Europe at its best.
