ABSTRACT
The 2010 revolution in Kyrgyzstan was accompanied by a significant rise in nationalism, with Kyrgyz nationalist youth groups making new demands on government and Uzbek youth on the defensive. In the UK of the 1970s, there was a mobilisation of both British nationalist and anti-racist groups, plus new forces from among black and Asian youth. Youth, gender and innovation were the focus of another International NGO Training & Research Centre training programme in the north of Kyrgyzstan in the post-2010 period. The aim was to help young people find positive ways to develop activism, through democratic and shared leadership in the community. Managers at the local Employment Exchange and the Youth Employment and Careers Office estimated that it took almost five times longer to place a ‘coloured’ applicant in a job. The academic literature defines two main types or ‘generations’ of social movement that have taken shape historically.
