ABSTRACT
Kenneth Boulding believed that the twentieth century was bringing changes as momentous as the invention of agriculture or the appearance of civilization itself—and not just one change, either, but a veritable explosion of them, leaps of magnitude that they seemed to make a break with all that had gone before. 'The foundations of late-twentieth-century economic globalization were laid in 1944, When representatives of forty-five nations gathered at the New Hampshire resort called Bretton Woods to design a framework for postwar economic recovery. Much of the political history of the twentieth century, then, consisted of oscillation between two conflicting tendencies: efforts to create institutions for permanent world peace and outbreaks of global war. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the idea of culture, like the idea of society, was strongly influenced by nationalism. Among the many new ideas about culture that emerged early in the twentieth century, one of the most influential came from the evolutionary biologists.
