ABSTRACT
Evaluating the extent of liberalization of trade in services envisaged in the agreement, offers and commitments received thus far, and their effects is difficult in comparison with trade in goods. The reason is that there is no equivalent of a tariff as a barrier to market access in services. Evaluating trade-related investment measures and trade-related intellectual property rights involves difficulties similar to those applicable to services. At the end of Uruguay Round (UR), seventy-six countries offered commitments on financial services. In Michael Finger’s comprehensive discussion of all safeguard provisions, he notes that the efforts during the UR negotiation to restrict the use of antidumping measures met with little success. Low and Yeats find that the UR changes will dramatically reduce the incidence of nontariff measures (NTM) on developing country exports, with the share of their nonoil exports subject to NTMs falling from 18 percent to 4 percent.
