ABSTRACT
Resistance to European rule developed late in Southern Africa. The United Kingdom's Nyasaland Protectorate (Malawi) was constituted in 1891 and federated with Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) in 1953. Thirty years of warfare beset Southwest Africa from 1960. The United Kingdom and the Republic of South Africa guaranteed Swaziland as a homeland for Swazi peoples in the 1880s. The British South Africa Company obtained royal charter to Rhodesia in 1889. Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) became a British crown colony with rights of self-government in 1923. The first overt anti-African National Congress (ANC) raid occurred January 30, 1981, when regular South African commandos attacked and destroyed several houses within Matola, a suburb of Maputo, Mozambique, which allegedly served as an operational headquarters for the ANC. Renamo followers included former Portuguese and Rhodesian security personnel as well as other dissidents and the organization received clandestine financial support from the South African government.
