ABSTRACT
The purpose of forced industrialization was to catch the Soviet Union up technologically and economically with developed capitalist countries "in not more than ten years." In many cases, local Party leaders opposed Moscow as it set out to establish planning priorities and to concentrate efforts at industrialization on the European and non-European areas settled by Russians. The promises that had been made during the initial phase of industrialization had aroused great expectations among all Soviet peoples. In terms of population policy, the most significant consequences of collectivization and industrialization were sharp increases in migration and urbanization. Findings so far give rise to the expectation that industrialization and Russian migration during the 1930s slowed rather than accelerated modernization of non-Russian peoples' social structures. Collectivization, sovietization, and the famine had challenged the loyalties of the non-Russian peoples in many territories. Efforts to nationalize Soviet power were suspended after the mid-1930s.
