ABSTRACT
The US historian Charles Beard stated that one of the four lessons he had learned from history was summarized in the sentence "When it gets dark the stars come out." The useful Peace Collection in the archives of Swarthmore College helps to trace the origins and development of the League. The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom has claimed the substance of the call to be the "greatest manifesto against war that has taken place in Europe". The confluence of the International Peace Campaign and the World Congress Against War provided inspiration for the American League Against War and Fascism. The League initiated a medical bureau to serve in each country and raised money for an ambulance service in Spain to be headed by a capable young surgeon, Edward Barsky, of New York City. The League for Peace and Democracy, with Harry Ward as national chairman, encouraged and implemented the China Aid Council's money raising.
