ABSTRACT
The rules adopted by the advanced nuclear supplier countries through the nuclear Suppliers Group and the Non-Proliferation Treaty Exporters Committee require that for all significant nuclear transfers, the recipient country must place the nuclear facility where the export is to be used under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. Neue Technologien GmbH and Physikalische-Technische Beratung provided critically important assistance to a new phase of the Pakistani nuclear weapons effort, the production of tritium for advanced nuclear weapons. Iraq’s clandestine purchasing activities in the West make it the fifth emerging nuclear state that is known to have employed the route to pursue a nuclear weapons capability during the 1980s. Many countries of proliferation concern already have nuclear supply relationships with other industrializing countries that could benefit the former’s nascent nuclear weapons programs. The 1975 Brazil-West German nuclear trade agreement provided for the construction of a uranium enrichment plant in Brazil under IAEA inspection.
