ABSTRACT
At the beginning of the nineteenth century there were three great empires in Europe whose subjects had included for centuries many different religious communities and language groups. A decisive moment in the Bulgarian national revival was the establishment in 1870, by a firman of the sultan, of a separate Bulgarian Orthodox Church, with its own exarch at its head. The last Balkan people to develop a national movement were the Albanians. The development of the language community of Czech speech into the modern Czech nation is indissolubly connected with the movement for German national unity. Oszkar Jaszi argued that, as a new nation and a new culture had been created in America from immigrants from many different nations, so a new Hungarian culture could be made from the confluence of several half-developed cultures based on several different languages. The number of Romanians under Habsburg rule was increased in 1775, when Austria annexed the north-western corner of Moldavia.
