ABSTRACT
The principle of making special assessments on property which benefits owing to works carried out at the expense of the municipality is expressly recognised by the communal taxation laws of Prussia and other States. Loans are in general discouraged in the case of school buildings, street improvements, and works of a similar recurrent kind, and, as in Prussia, the formation of special funds to meet needs of the kind is urged. With the object of meeting extraordinary expenditure of a kind uncertain in date but certain of occurrence without resorting to loans, the formation of emergency and new buildings funds has been recommended by the Governments. The communal budget distinguishes between ordinary and extraordinary revenue and expenditure, and each department of local government prepares its own estimates, which need to be independently approved first by the executive and then by the town council.
