ABSTRACT
The American psychological onslaught against North Vietnamese morale was primarily an aerial operation. The result of the intense psychological offensive was a countryside littered with a billion pieces of printed propaganda and thousands of homes penetrated by endless hours of radio broadcasts. The primary aim of the psychological operations was to drive as broad a wedge as possible between the North Vietnamese people and the ruling Lao Dong Party. Cartoons were featured to extend the psychological messages to illiterate persons. The intensive "Field Goal Operation" also produced one of the most controversial issues of the psychological offensive—the use of a facsimile dong, the North Vietnamese medium of exchange. Psychological operations supplemented the bombing and served as a propaganda bridge between the "Frantic Goat North" and "Field Goal Operation" campaigns and the Republic's Chieu Hoi and surrender programs. Hanoi's answer to the bombing and psychological assaults was an immense "Hate the U. S." campaign combined with shrewd calls to Vietnam's past.
