ABSTRACT
We call many different sorts of things and persons fair or unfair. However, in this essay I am concerned with fairness only as it relates to chance; and here the notions which need to be examined seem to be those of a fair sample, a fair device, and a fair competition. I aim to expose three important mistakes, two errors of the vulgar and one error of the philosophers, as Berkeley would have called them. But I hope that the discussion has constructive as well as critical value. For, although much has been said about justice and probability severally, not much has been said about the relationship between them.
