ABSTRACT
This chapter analyzes how exactly humans cooperate when we use language. Given the nature of language, there are three levels of linguistic processing and cooperation. At the sentence level, the speaker presents structures that can readily be processed, arranges information strategically, adapts to others, etc. At the level of literal interpretation, there is negotiation over what the sentence says, with an eye on what the sentence means or implies at the third level (extended interpretation). Our languages allow us to pay proper respect to one another and not to make larger impositions than necessary (positive and negative ‘face’). This is where politeness is ritualized in linguistic expression. Linguistic politeness is also an acquired skill, and experts can further develop face-saving skills to the point where they can perform mediation, conflict resolution, and hostage negotiations.
