This chapter gives on overview of the extensive research literatures in child development, neuroscience, and psychodynamic theory relevant to the lives and experiences of babies and young children in care. The opening section considers the emotional linking between baby and parent that allows a child to feel held in mind and safely contained. “Adversity in infancy” reviews the nature and impact of traumas in early childhood, when maltreatment and severe family distress may be compounded by under-recognition of infant mental health difficulties. An overview of attachment patterns and difficulties is followed by an exploration of protective factors for babies and young children and the importance for resilience of a sense of internal continuity. Positive outcomes of foster care for children who have been abused or neglected in their families of origin are outlined, as well as challenges presented by the care system. The chapter reviews research on multiple caregiving and on the planning of child-centred transitions from the mid-twentieth century to the present day before returning to the central topic of attention and the profound importance for development of being seen and feeling understood.