ABSTRACT
This unit explains the central logic of null hypothesis testing, including p values, sampling distributions, one- and two-tailed tests, and other concepts. But it also describes the limitations of focusing on statistical significance and discusses effect sizes, problematic analytical practices, incorrect interpretations of significance, and other topics that help contextualize the merits and limitations of null hypothesis testing. In addition, the unit presents statistical procedures related to the measurement of relationships between two variables, including t-tests, Χ2, correlation, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Guidelines for the selection of an appropriate tests, the specific considerations of linearity and strength of relationships for correlation, and the necessary information to list in writing about results are all addressed.
