ABSTRACT
The most impressive economic gains were made by the Chagga, Haya, and Sukuma growers of northeastern and western Tanzania. In 1962 and again in 1965, the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) constitution was amended to promote democratic and socialist values. The events of 1964 also prompted members of the political elite to demand legalization of a Tanzanian one-party state. Led by TANU Secretary-General Oscar Kambona, party militants argued that in the interests of domestic security, competitive elections were an undesirable—and in any case, an unnecessary—component of single-party rule. For the mainland, TANU was to remain a mass party and any member could be nominated for election to the National Assembly if he or she could obtain the support of twenty-five electors. TANU responded by expelling the dissidents from the National Assembly and by publishing a new set of guidelines, the Mwongozo, asserting absolute party supremacy over the government, the workers, and the economy as a whole.
