ABSTRACT
This chapter examines intergroup relations in countries subject to direct external control and invasion, with either peaceful or violent consequences, depending on the major kinds of contact involved, particularly in each society’s foundation. Not all countries subject to direct external control reveal high levels of violence; many have had their security guaranteed by other powers in a number of ways. These include Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Switzerland. A number of countries have experienced even higher numbers of invasions, external domination, wars, establishment of monarchies and dictators, and continuously high levels of intergroup violence. These include Afghanistan, Albania, Greece, Hungary, Libya, Romania, Spain, and Tunisia. The chapter suggests that nations subject to direct external control may experience relatively low levels of intergroup conflict when their security is guaranteed by outside powers or their independence is facilitated by them.
