ABSTRACT
Change and continuity in the relationship between participation and state administration characterized the reforms launched with rectification in the mid-1980s. The relationship between participation and administration remains a vital focus for exploring the reforms of rectification and the insight they offer into the nature of the organizational planning state. Rectification began with a reaffirmation of socialist goals that established some new terms for participation and state administration. Educational reforms were part of the process of rectification, and they demonstrate how modifications in the relationship of centralization and decentralization were designed to remedy the limitations of the socialist state. With a careful look at the intent of perfeccionamiento continuo as a part of rectification, some of the pieces of the puzzling survival of Cuban socialism fall into place. Rectification defended Cuban socialism on the basis of Marxist theory, Cuban history, and its genuine accomplishments, repeatedly reproaching it for organizational weaknesses and institutional shortcomings.
