ABSTRACT
Port pricing is subject to the variety of charges and fees that ports and terminals levy on their users. Pricing is an important aspect guiding the interactions between economic actors in the port industry. Ports can implement voluntary programs to incentivize ship operators to green their ships. Green ship operators, in return, receive a benefit, such as a discount in port dues. An example is the Environmental Ship Index (ESI). ESI is a voluntary tool which includes a formula-based evaluation of vessels’ nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide emissions. There is a relation between pricing and the utilization level of resources or assets such as land, facilities, or equipment. Prices should ensure that port land and facilities are used most efficiently. Three pricing strategies can be used in a marketing context depending on the customer segment and type of relationship required: satisfaction-based pricing strategies, efficiency pricing, and relationship pricing.
