ABSTRACT
The setting up, planning, development, and daily functions of ports are subject to public policies and can be part of a geopolitical agenda. Port policies and related decision-making are advancing through public and private actor interactions. These interactions happen at multiple levels. National-level authorities are involved in developing national port policies aiming to advance the establishment, planning, development, and organization of ports to ensure that the development of the industry serves the public interest. Part of the public authorities’ monitoring process includes the issue of competition. Government agencies are responsible for monitoring that port operations are in line with present competition rules. Harbor Masters regulate how vessels conduct their navigation in a port, with the prime consideration being the safety of navigation for any vessel. The need to control emissions has led to an International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulatory framework restricting several fueling options. The IMO is spearheading sulfur emission restrictions within particular Emission Control Areas.
