ABSTRACT
Seaports act as nodes in global supply chains operating in an efficiency-oriented, competitive, and highly dynamic market environment. Economic globalization, based on the principles of free trade and open markets, have led to a growing demand for port services. The growth of international trade has given rise to large hub ports, which often combine intermediacy in the global shipping network with centrality towards specific hinterland markets. Environmental and social issues are having a growing impact on ports. Many ports are taking on a more enterprising role in dealing with the environmental, energy, and climate change challenges, partly because environmental aspects play an increasing role in attracting customers and potential investors. Changes in the competitive environment, and environmental and social challenges, along with the changing functions of ports, have intensified the quest for a suitable port governance model. Innovative ideas and customized approaches to port governance have emerged in past decades.
