ABSTRACT
Jung, like Freud, set out to find the constants in the psyche, believing that he was studying the science of psychology. He discovered to his dismay that his investigations took him well beyond the bounds of scientific methods. He did not give up his goal, but he also refused to adopt the objective methods of behavioral psychology: He wanted to study the inner workings of the mind in its natural state, without conditions, not merely outward behaviors. He discovered that the mental functions with their associated types and archetypes formed a connective tissue shared by all humankind. These fundamental principles of his psychology were neither quantifiable nor provable, and academic psychology has largely ignored Jung’s contributions as unscientific. However, academic psychology has built its methods on a narrow view of what science is, as physicist Richard Feynman and management theorist Henry Mintzberg have shown. Jung, who used an introverted thinking approach, associated the prevailing behavioristic view with the mental function called extraverted thinking, which he found dominated Western culture. His type system was, in part, an effort to redeem the other mental functions from neglect. Otherwise, he believed, psychology would become part of the problem it was seeking to heal.
