ABSTRACT
A psychoactive substance is a substance that affects the mental processes and causes changes in mood, thoughts, feelings or behaviour. Behavioural addictions focus on the psychological aspects of how people become addicted to activities, such as gambling, sex, internet (cyber), exercise and eating. All three interrelated factors, pharmacological properties, individual differences and context of use, influence the individual experiences of alcohol and drug taking. Associate learning (classical conditioning) and operant conditioning also play a part in the process of addiction. The bio-psychosocial-spiritual theory model of addiction posits that biological/genetic, psychological, sociocultural and spiritual factors contribute to addictive behaviours. Despite the increase in alcohol consumption, countries with Muslim majorities have the lowest consumption per capita in the world but have a higher proportion of alcohol consumed being unrecorded. Islam established a zero-tolerance policy and forbids all intoxicants (alcohol, drugs and tobacco), regardless of the quantity or kind. The standard treatment for alcohol (and drug) misuse may include pharmacotherapy to alleviate withdrawal symptoms, the prevention and management of more serious complications and preparation for more structured psychosocial and educational interventions. Psychological interventions include brief interventions, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural approaches, family therapy, social skills training, supportive work and complementary therapy. Treatment for Muslim alcohol or drug users or gamblers should be based on bio-psychosocial and spiritual interventions. However, the core of the treatment package is spiritual guidance and interventions.
