ABSTRACT
Gender and culture in psychology—universality and bias. Gender bias including androcentrism and alpha bias and beta bias. Such gender bias has been pervasive in scientific research for centuries and this has included psychological research, and maybe still does. This bias towards the focus on male researchers is, though, just one part of the issue of gender bias and, whilst this in itself may cause problems for the representation of women in psychological research, there is a bigger problem that lies beneath the assumptions made by psychological researchers. Psychopathology is concerned with the symptoms, explanation and treatment of mental disorders and has attracted a lot of interest in terms of the gender division for such disorders. Science has traditionally been regarded as work that is carried out by men, who are able to study phenomena objectively and rationally. Such traits have stereotypically been applied to men and less often to women.
