ABSTRACT
Social exchanges imply several common behavioral responses. Cooperation occurs in social exchanges when all parties are behaving fairly. Reciprocity represents giving back. Exploitation occurs when social actors take advantage of others and derive more from an exchange than that to which they are entitled. Retaliation occurs when a social actor attempts to get even for a real or perceived offense by another. Withdrawal occurs when a social actor decides for whatever reason to avoid a social exchange. Acquiescence occurs when an actor in a social exchange accepts the real or perceived unfairness. Reconciliation occurs when a social actor forgives the offender and cancels the debt represented by the unfair behavior. Altruism occurs when a social actor voluntarily provides more in a social exchange than required by standards of fairness. Spite occurs when a social actor causes another to suffer a loss without deriving any obvious benefit. These behavioral options appear in the literature of the social, behavioral, and life sciences, and they are relevant for understanding crime and society's responses to it.
