ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book shows that Japan’s spending in Research and development (R&D) is increasing year by year and in absolute terms is second only to that of the United States; meanwhile, expenditure in Britain is decreasing in real terms. It examines the organizations and establishments implementing R&D, and it was noticeable that the infrastructure was similar in both countries: namely universities, government laboratories, and industry. The book also examines several case studies and examples of industrial-academic interaction, selected according to generally regarded good practices. It determines the degree of interaction in human and financial terms. The book explores the French technopoles, which are very large, linked to state decentralization policies, and completely state funded; and the Japanese attempt to use even ‘science cities’ to produce a breakthrough.
