ABSTRACT
Chapter 5 commences with a discussion on the concepts of both crowd management and crowd control, in the context of international sports events. Second, it examines perspectives on crowd safety, as they specifically relate to international sports events (ISEs) and international sports venues (ISVs). The third main area of investigation is to explore the intricacies of crowd behaviours and the potential for collective responsibility amongst fans as part of the crowd that could enable them to cope practically and emotionally with the inherent dangers they face at ISEs and ISVs. Four case studies explore issues and impacts relating to crowds. They include (1) the Bradford City Stadium Fire and (2) the Heysel Stadium Disaster in Brussels, Belgium, both in 1985; (3) the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster in Sheffield, England; and (4) the 2012 Port Said Stadium Riot in Egypt. The concepts of crowd behaviour, identities and collective resilience are examined, and the chapter concludes by proposing a ‘Top Ten’ of contemporary crowd considerations for international sports events.
