ABSTRACT
NGOs play an essential role, as do States, UN experts, NHRIs, and other actors. There are some differences in the two State-reporting mechanisms with regard to the scope for NGO influence in summary the NGO role in the UPR is somewhat more limited than in treaty bodies. In summary, there are many options but for NGOs which are often resource-poor, it is important to be strategic and consider the mechanism with which to engage. The literature, interview data, and some empirical evidence strongly emphasise the importance of working in coalitions for maximum influence on treaty body State reporting and the UPR. Simmons and Merry proposed that whilst transnational networks may be critical in the case of a repressive regime, in most States domestic actors are the most significant. NGOs have demonstrated their tenacity and flexibility for many decades and no doubt will continue to do so despite mounting global challenges, such as pandemics and climate change.
