Motivational orientations are clearly attempts to account for the origin of learning need, rather than the factors governing the actual decision to participate. H. Miller, on the positive side of the ledger, has produced a model which accounts for both the origin of learning need and the conditions which influence the decision to participate. Miller’s account is particularly unique in its attempt to assimilate sociological concepts - Herbert Gans’s analysis of social class - within the framework of what is essentially a psychological model. K. Rubenson, like Miller, places strong emphasis on social structure and the degree to which an individual’s decision-making may be determined ‘from above.’ the innovativeness of the study and the correlation of life-tendencies with other psychological and social variables, few of the findings were statistically significant Perhaps the most well-known effort to correlate theories of the life cycle with motivation is a study done by C. Aslanian and H. Brickell at the end of the 1970s.