ABSTRACT
Chapter 12 explores a parallel system of public service, one often companionable with that of the diplomats but usually more direct in action: the military. Under strict orders from the top of their pyramid, soldiers, sailors and aviation personnel have sometimes put aside foresight and skillful planning because of misunderstood potential and capability of adversaries. We recount three major armed enterprises that fell short of their aims in different regions during the same Second World War. The actions were those of Germany in Russia, that of the Western Allies in Germany itself, and the total disaster awaiting Japan in the Asian-Pacific. All three were complex but avoidable; a commander is expected to win and assure the survival of his task force.
