ABSTRACT
Four standards, such as “increasing or decreasing the quantum of interests of everyone,” eight standards of justice and equality, and fourteen standards, such as humanity and liberty, are combined to form the system of value standards of state institutions. Standards of justice (especially equality) are the most fundamental value standards of measuring state institutions; humanity (mainly making people free and eliminating alienation) is the supreme value standard for measuring state institutions; “increasing or decreasing the quantum of interests of everyone” (especially “the greatest interests for the greatest number”) is the ultimate value standard of measuring state institutions. A total of 26 value standards in these three categories of value standards are integrated to construct the system of value standards of measuring state institutions. When these value standards are in conflict, the following principle of choice should be followed: justice takes precedence over humanity and liberty; equality over liberty; and “promoting the quantum of interests of everyone,” the ultimate value standard of state institutions, over all others, including justice.
Despotism is a kind of state institution and theoretical system that is extremely inhumane, unfree, unjust, unequal, and extremely harmful to the welfare of the majority. Given the origin and causes of autocracy, it is clear that under any circumstance autocracy, like any other regime, is accidental, avoidable, and occurs due to free choice; it has no historical necessity. Consequently, autocracy in any condition is bad because it violates the supreme value standard of state institutions “humanity and liberty”; the fundamental value standards “justice and equality”; the ultimate value standard “promoting the quantum of interests of everyone”; Therefore, any theory that justifies autocracy as ought to be is a fallacy with no historical basis.
