ABSTRACT
Justice is the action of exchanging equal interests or equal harms: the exchange of equal interests or equal harms is “the general principle of justice” for the measurement of all actions whether they are just. The fundamental problem of justice is the distribution of rights and duties: the equality of rights and duties is the fundamental principle of justice. Everyone’s right should be directly proportional to everyone’s contribution and equal to everyone’s duty which is the “fundamental principle of social justice,” namely “the principle of contribution.” When we distribute everyone’s rights according to the principle of contribution, it is not difficult to find that the fundamental principle of social justice can ultimately be attributed to the principle of equality, namely “basic rights should be completely equal and non-basic rights should be proportionately equal.” It can be called the “general principle of equality,” from which a series of more specific principles of equality can be deduced: the principle of political equality, the principle of economic equality and the principle of equality of opportunities. In this way, justice is the fundamental value standard of state institutions, which implies that the principle of equality is the fundamental value standard of state institutions.
